Costus spectabilis, popularly known as the yellow trumpet or yellow bell, is one of the most recognisable symbols of Nigeria’s natural and cultural identity. Its bright yellow bloom represents beauty, vitality, and national pride, making it a fitting floral emblem for the country.
Historical Background
Adopted in 1959:
Costus spectabilis was chosen as Nigeria’s national flower shortly before independence. It was selected for its widespread presence across the country, its resilience, and its vivid colour, which symbolised the emerging nation’s hope and promise.
Use on the Coat of Arms (1960):
When Nigeria adopted its Coat of Arms on 1 October 1960, the Costus spectabilis was included at the base to represent the richness of Nigerian soil.
Interestingly, the flower on the Coat of Arms is painted red, even though the real plant naturally blooms yellow. This error has been carried on in official reproductions for decades.
Botanical Significance:
The plant is native to tropical Africa and grows low to the ground, forming a rosette of four thick, fleshy leaves from which its large, striking yellow flower emerges. Its ability to thrive in different environments made it a symbolic choice for a diverse nation like Nigeria.
Botanical Description
Family: Costaceae
Type: Perennial herb
Growth Form: Four fleshy leaves forming a basal rosette
Flower: Bright, solitary yellow bloom that appears one at a time
Habitat: Found across West, Central, East, and Southern Africa
Symbolism
Costus spectabilis was chosen to reflect:
Nigeria’s natural beauty
The uniqueness of its people and land
The wealth and fertility of the nation’s soil
Hope and renewal, represented by its vibrant yellow bloom
Its symbolic value extends beyond botany—it is a reminder of Nigeria’s identity at the dawn of independence.
Sources
1. Nigerian Government Archives – National Symbols and Their Meanings
2. Federal Ministry of Information – The Nigerian Coat of Arms Explained
3. Kew Royal Botanic Gardens – Costus spectabilis species profile
4. Flora of Tropical Africa – Botanical documentation of Costus species
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