Twenty-five countries have supplied Israel with crude oil and refined petroleum since the start of its genocide of Palestinians in Gaza, most notably Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, the US, and Russia, according to an updated report published by Oil Change International.
In 2024, the advocacy group commissioned Data Desk to provide an overview of the supply chains bringing crude oil and refined petroleum products to Israel, with a focus on fuel supplies to the Israeli military.
The report, updated in November of this year, found that 323 shipments from 25 countries carrying nearly 21.2 million tons of crude oil and refined products reached Israel between 1 November 2023 and 1 October 2025.
Of those, 70 percent originated from Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan.
Azeri crude is exported from Azerbaijan to Turkiye via the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline. After reaching the Turkish port of Ceyhan, the crude is loaded onto tankers for transport to Israel by sea.
Kazakh crude is exported through the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) to the Russian Black Sea coast near Novorossiysk, where it is reloaded onto tankers for shipment to Israel.
Russia is the largest investor in the CPC pipeline, controlling 31 percent of shares. Russian energy major Lukoil owns another 12 percent of shares.
The Oil Change International report showed that although Brazilian crude shipments to Israel ended in 2025, much of this oil was redirected to a refinery in Sardinia, Italy, where it was converted into various petroleum products before being exported to Israel.
According to the report, a total of 17 countries sent 152 shipments of nearly 3.3 million tons of refined petroleum products to Israel. Of these, 45 percent originated from Russia.
The US was the sole supplier of jet fuel used in Israeli warplanes bombing Gaza. The report found that nine shipments carrying 360,000 tons of JP-8 jet fuel, as well as two shipments of diesel, were exported from Valero's Bill Greehey Refinery in Corpus Christi, Texas.
By supplying oil and refined petroleum products to Israel, these “States risk becoming complicit in genocide under international law, under the Genocide Convention,” Shady Khalil of Oil Change International stated upon release of the report.
In September 2025, the UN's Independent International Commission called on member states to “cease the transfer of arms and other equipment or items, including jet fuel, to the State of Israel or third States where there is reason to suspect their use in military operations that have involved or could involve the commission of genocide.”
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